466 research outputs found
The Persistence of Population III Star Formation
We present a semi-analytic model of star formation in the early universe,
beginning with the first metal-free stars. By employing a completely
feedback-limited star formation prescription, stars form at maximum efficiency
until the self-consistently calculated feedback processes halt formation. We
account for a number of feedback processes including a meta-galactic
Lyman-Werner background, supernovae, photoionization, and chemical feedback.
Halos are evolved combining mass accretion rates found through abundance
matching with our feedback-limited star formation prescription, allowing for a
variety of Population III (Pop III) initial mass functions (IMFs). We find
that, for a number of models, massive Pop III star formation can continue on
until at least and potentially past at rates of around
to M yr Mpc, assuming these stars
form in isolation. At this point Lyman-Werner feedback pushes the minimum halo
mass for star formation above the atomic cooling threshold, cutting off the
formation of massive Pop III stars. We find that, in most models, Pop II and
Pop III star formation co-exist over cosmological time-scales, with the total
star formation rate density and resulting radiation background strongly
dominated by the former before Pop III star formation finally ends. These halos
form at most M of massive Pop III stars during this phase
and typically have absolute magnitudes in the range of to . We also briefly discuss how future observations from telescopes such as
JWST or WFIRST and 21-cm experiments may be able to constrain unknown
parameters in our model such as the IMF, star formation prescription, or the
physics of massive Pop III stars.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, submitted to MNRA
Hubble Diagram of Gamma-Rays Bursts calibrated with Gurzadyan-Xue Cosmology
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) being the most luminous among known cosmic objects
carry an essential potential for cosmological studies if properly used as
standard candles. In this paper we test with GRBs the cosmological predictions
of the Gurzadyan-Xue (GX) model of dark energy, a novel theory that predicts,
without any free parameters, the current vacuum fluctuation energy density
close to the value inferred from the SNIa observations. We also compare the GX
results with those predicted by the concordance scenario -CDM.
According to the statistical approach by Schaefer (2007), the use of several
empirical relations obtained from GRBs observables, after a consistent
calibration for a specific model, enables one to probe current cosmological
models. Based on this recently introduced method, we use the 69 GRBs sample
collected by Schaefer (2007); and the most recently released SWIFT satellite
data (Sakamoto et al. 2007) together with the 41 GRBs sample collected by
Rizzuto et al. (2007), which has the more firmly determined redshifts. Both
data samples span a distance scale up to redshift about 7. We show that the GX
models are compatible with the Hubble diagram of the Schaefer (2007) 69 GRBs
sample. Such adjustment is almost identical to the one for the concordance
-CDM.Comment: 9 pages, 17 figures, 11 tables; Astr. & Astrophys. (in press
A minimalist feedback-regulated model for galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization
Near-infrared surveys have now determined the luminosity functions of galaxies at 6 ≲ z ≲ 8 to impressive precision and identified a number of candidates at even earlier times. Here, we develop a simple analytic model to describe these populations that allows physically motivated extrapolation to earlier times and fainter luminosities. We assume that galaxies grow through accretion on to dark matter haloes, which we model by matching haloes at fixed number density across redshift, and that stellar feedback limits the star formation rate. We allow for a variety of feedback mechanisms, including regulation through supernova energy and momentum from radiation pressure. We show that reasonable choices for the feedback parameters can fit the available galaxy data, which in turn substantially limits the range of plausible extrapolations of the luminosity function to earlier times and fainter luminosities: for example, the global star formation rate declines rapidly (by a factor of ∼20 from z = 6 to 15 in our fiducial model), but the bright galaxies accessible to observations decline even faster (by a factor ≳ 400 over the same range). Our framework helps us develop intuition for the range of expectations permitted by simple models of high-z galaxies that build on our understanding of ‘normal’ galaxy evolution. We also provide predictions for galaxy measurements by future facilities, including James Webb Space Telescope and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope
The Effects of Dark Matter Decay and Annihilation on the High-Redshift 21 cm Background
The radiation background produced by the 21 cm spin-flip transition of
neutral hydrogen at high redshifts can be a pristine probe of fundamental
physics and cosmology. At z~30-300, the intergalactic medium (IGM) is visible
in 21 cm absorption against the cosmic microwave background (CMB), with a
strength that depends on the thermal (and ionization) history of the IGM. Here
we examine the constraints this background can place on dark matter decay and
annihilation, which could heat and ionize the IGM through the production of
high-energy particles. Using a simple model for dark matter decay, we show
that, if the decay energy is immediately injected into the IGM, the 21 cm
background can detect energy injection rates >10^{-24} eV cm^{-3} sec^{-1}. If
all the dark matter is subject to decay, this allows us to constrain dark
matter lifetimes <10^{27} sec. Such energy injection rates are much smaller
than those typically probed by the CMB power spectra. The expected brightness
temperature fluctuations at z~50 are a fraction of a mK and can vary from the
standard calculation by up to an order of magnitude, although the difference
can be significantly smaller if some of the decay products free stream to lower
redshifts. For self-annihilating dark matter, the fluctuation amplitude can
differ by a factor <2 from the standard calculation at z~50. Note also that, in
contrast to the CMB, the 21 cm probe is sensitive to both the ionization
fraction and the IGM temperature, in principle allowing better constraints on
the decay process and heating history. We also show that strong IGM heating and
ionization can lead to an enhanced H_2 abundance, which may affect the earliest
generations of stars and galaxies.Comment: submitted to Phys Rev D, 14 pages, 8 figure
Ultraviolet Line Emission from Metals in the Low-Redshift Intergalactic Medium
We use a high-resolution cosmological simulation that includes hydrodynamics,
multiphase star formation, and galactic winds to predict the distribution of
metal line emission at z~0 from the intergalactic medium (IGM). We focus on two
ultraviolet doublet transitions, OVI 1032,1038 and CIV 1548,1551. Emission from
filaments with moderate overdensities is orders of magnitude smaller than the
background, but isolated emission from enriched, dense regions with
T~10^5-10^5.5 K and characteristic sizes of 50-100 kpc can be detected above
the background. We show that the emission from these regions is substantially
greater when we use the metallicities predicted by the simulation (which
includes enrichment through galactic winds) than when we assume a uniform IGM
metallicity. Luminous regions correspond to volumes that have recently been
influenced by galactic winds. We also show that the line emission is clustered
on scales ~1 h^-1 Mpc. We argue that although these transitions are not
effective tracers of the warm-hot intergalactic medium, they do provide a route
to study the chemical enrichment of the IGM and the physics of galactic winds.Comment: replaced by version to appear in ApJ (conclusions unchanged, one new
figure), 16 pages (emulateapj), 11 figures, version with higher resolution
figures available at
http://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~sfurlane/metals/coverpage.htm
Redshifted 21 Centimeter Emission from Minihalos Before Reionization
Before reionization, the intergalactic medium (IGM) may have been
sufficiently cold for low-mass "minihalos" to condense out of the gas and
subsequently affect reionization. Previous work has shown that minihalos
generate reasonably large 21 cm fluctuations. Here we consider this signal in
its proper cosmological context and show that isolating minihalos from the rest
of the IGM is extremely difficult. Using the well-known halo model, we compute
the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations from minihalos and show that the
signal decreases rapidly as feedback increases the Jeans mass. We then show
that even a small Lyman-alpha background increases the 21 cm fluctuations of
the diffuse IGM well beyond those of the minihalos; because the mass fraction
in the IGM is much larger, minihalos will lie buried within the IGM signal. The
distinctive signatures of non-linear bias and minihalo structure emerge only at
much smaller scales, well beyond the resolution of any upcoming instruments.
Using simple, but representative, reionization histories, we then show that the
required Lyman-alpha background level is most likely achieved at z>15, while
minihalos are still rare, so that they are almost always degenerate with the
diffuse IGM.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Ap
Reionization and the large-scale 21 cm-cosmic microwave background cross correlation
Of the many probes of reionization, the 21 cm line and the cosmic microwave
background (CMB) are among the most effective. We examine how the
cross-correlation of the 21 cm brightness and the CMB Doppler fluctuations on
large angular scales can be used to study this epoch. We employ a new model of
the growth of large scale fluctuations of the ionized fraction as reionization
proceeds. We take into account the peculiar velocity field of baryons and show
that its effect on the cross correlation can be interpreted as a mixing of
Fourier modes. We find that the cross-correlation signal is strongly peaked
toward the end of reionization and that the sign of the correlation should be
positive because of the inhomogeneity inherent to reionization. The signal
peaks at degree scales (l~100) and comes almost entirely from large physical
scales (k~0.01 Mpc). Since many of the foregrounds and noise that plague low
frequency radio observations will not correlate with CMB measurements, the
cross correlation might appear to provide a robust diagnostic of the
cosmological origin of the 21 cm radiation around the epoch of reionization.
Unfortunately, we show that these signals are actually only weakly correlated
and that cosmic variance dominates the error budget of any attempted detection.
We conclude that the detection of a cross-correlation peak at degree-size
angular scales is unlikely even with ideal experiments.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, submitted to MNRA
Efficient Simulations of Early Structure Formation and Reionization
We present a method to construct semi-numerical ``simulations'', which can
efficiently generate realizations of halo distributions and ionization maps at
high redshifts. Our procedure combines an excursion-set approach with
first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory and operates directly on the linear
density and velocity fields. As such, the achievable dynamic range with our
algorithm surpasses the current practical limit of N-body codes by orders of
magnitude. This is particularly significant in studies of reionization, where
the dynamic range is the principal limiting factor. We test our halo-finding
and HII bubble-finding algorithms independently against N-body simulations with
radiative transfer and obtain excellent agreement. We compute the size
distributions of ionized and neutral regions in our maps. We find even larger
ionized bubbles than do purely analytic models at the same volume-weighted mean
hydrogen neutral fraction. We also generate maps and power spectra of 21-cm
brightness temperature fluctuations, which for the first time include
corrections due to gas bulk velocities. We find that velocities widen the tails
of the temperature distributions and increase small-scale power, though these
effects quickly diminish as reionization progresses. We also include some
preliminary results from a simulation run with the largest dynamic range to
date: a 250 Mpc box that resolves halos with masses M >~ 2.2 x10^8 M_sun. We
show that accurately modeling the late stages of reionization requires such
large scales. The speed and dynamic range provided by our semi-numerical
approach will be extremely useful in the modeling of early structure formation
and reionization.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures; ApJ submitte
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